In addition, evidences on the (eco)toxicological impacts of nanomaterials have recently surfaced. The successful manipulation of MNP can only be achieved if the F mag introduced is sufficient to overcome both thermal and viscous hindrances. In this regard, having size information is crucial as at nanoregime, the MNP is extremely susceptible to StokeвЂ™s drag and thermal randomization energy. Furthermore, nanoparticle size also determines the magnetophoretic forces ( F mag) experienced by a MNP since F mag is directly proportional to the volume of the particles. The smaller the MNP is, the larger its surface area and, hence, the more loading sites are available for applications such as drug delivery and heavy metal removal. In particular, one of the unique features of a MNP is its high-surface-to-volume ratio, and this property is inversely proportional to the diameter of the MNP. In all of the applications involving the use of MNPs, the particle size remained as the most important parameter as many of the chemical and physical properties associated to MNPs are strongly dependent upon the nanoparticle diameter. In addition to all the aforementioned advantages, the recent development of various techniques and procedures for producing highly monodispersed and size-controllable MNPs has played a pivotal role in promoting the active explorations and research of MNPs.

Moreover MNPs, such as Fe 0 and Fe 3O 4, that exhibit a strong catalytic function can be employed as an effective nanoagent to remove a number of persistent pollutants from water resources. The capability to control the spatial evolution of MNPs within a confined space provides great benefits for the development of sensing and diagnostic system/techniques. Secondly, the MNP itself can be manipulated by an externally applied magnetic force. Firstly, it is possible to synthesize a wide range of MNPs with well-defined structures and size which can be easily matched with the interest of targeted applications. This nanoscale magnetic material has several advantages that provide many exciting opportunities or even a solution to various biomedically and environmentally related problems. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with a diameter between 1 to 100 nm have found uses in many applications.

Dynamic light scattering zeta potential